Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) - Lab Report physical exerciseed, high gain, voltage amplifier. They form the basis of a wide array of electronic tour of dutys, including amplifiers, buffers, comparators, and analogue-digital/digital-analogue converters. An op-amp is represented in schematic notation by the following symbol Figure 1 - Circuit Diagram cistron Where V+ and V- atomic number 18 the differential inputs, VS+ and VS-, are the dictatorial and negative supply voltages, and Vout is the output of the amplifier. While they are represented as a single element, op-amps are in fact composed of many circuit elements, and are ceremoniously sold as monolithically integrated silicon chips. 1.1 Origins and Development of the Operational Amplifier The useable amplifier crapper trace its origins back to fledgling telecommunications industry in the United States at the turn of the 19th century. With the intent of the teleph iodin, there was demand to carry electronic voice communic ations over longer and longer distances. The dispute was to build signal repeating equipment that minimized problems like distortion and crosstalk, so that multi-channel communications could be carried from one side of the country to the other. Advances in electronic equipment and amplifier design eventually led to the development of the runner operational amplifiers at Bell Labs in the 1940s. Vacuum tube devices were essential to the development of amplifier technology, because they made possible for the first time the non-linear manipulation of voltage and current. The Fleming Diode, patented in 1904 by J.A. Fleming 1, was the first major uncovering in this respect because it allowed for the rectification of current. Then in 1906, Lee De Forest 2 built upon this work with The Audion, a three-element triode pointlessness tube that was the first device capable of signal amplification. Amplifiers built in the following historic period suffered from stability problems, as they use d a positive feedback principle, and distortion due to the generation of harmonics by vacuum tubes. Harold Black 3, in 1927 while searching for a means of improving linearity and stability of currently-used positive feedback amplifiers, came up with the negative feedback amplifier principle. The idea of deliberately sacrificing gain in to improve stability ran counter to conventional ideas at the time, and it took 9 years for the original patent application to be accepted. Once implemented, however, the advantages of this approach right away became clear. Within a few years the theory for stable amplifier design was formalized by Nyquist and Bode, dickens names now synonymous with fundamental electrical engineering principles, during their work at Bell Labs. At this